Should you Advertise to Hostile Audiences?

Articles
Winters, L. C. (1977). Should you advertise to hostile audiences?. Journal of Advertising Research, 17, 3, 7-15.
Describes how radio and TV advertising was used to counteract the sharp public hostility toward Standard Oil of California and Chevron that developed after the oil embargo. The co…

The Effects of Appraised Severity and Efficacy in Promoting Water Conservation: An Informational Analysis

Articles
Kantola, S. J., Syme, G. J., & Nesdale, A. R. (1983). The effects of appraised severity and efficacy in promoting water conservation: An informational analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 2, 164-182.
To test R. W. Rogers's (see PA, Vol 55:4488) and M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen's (1975) behavioral intention model, 38-48 Ss observed 1 of 4 water conservation films differing in messa…

The Unintended Effects of a Posted Sign on Littering Attitudes and Stated Intentions

Articles
Horsley, A. D. (1988). The unintended effects of a posted sign on littering attitudes and stated intentions. Journal of Environmental Education, 19, 3, 10-14.
The effects of an anti-littering sign that read "We treat litterbugs like all insects" were compared with those for a sign that read "Please save our landscape; don't litter." Ss …

Appeals to Justice in the Environmental Debate

Articles
Clayton, S. (1994). Appeals to justice in the environmental debate. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 3, 13-27.
Arguments over issues with environmental implications are increasingly salient in the public arena, and appeals to justice are made by both those who favor and those who oppose en…

Ecological Awareness, Environmentalist Action, and International Conservation Strategy

Articles
Kottak, C. P. & Costa, A. C. (1993). Ecological awareness, environmentalist action, and international conservation strategy. Human Organization, 52, 4, 335-343.
Describes ongoing research on environmental risk perception and action in Brazil and Madagascar. Researchers have been investigating the relationship between the perception of env…

Effects of Fear and Specificity of Recommendation upon Attitudes and behavior

Articles
Leventhal, H., Singer, R. & Jones, S. (1965). Effects of fear and specificity of recommendation upon attitudes and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 1, 20-29.
The study dealt with the effects of (a) level of fear and (b) specific plans for action vs. general recommendations on attitudes toward tetanus inoculations and actually getting t…

A Revised Scale for the Measurement of Ecological Attitudes and Knowledge

Articles
Maloney, M. P., Ward, M. P., & Braucht, G. N. (1975). A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 7, 787-790.
Investigated the effects of fear appeals on persuasion in a factorial experiment that was designed to test a combined model of protection motivation theory and self-efficacy the…

A Historical View of Scare Tactics

Articles
Boyer, P. (1986). A historical view of scare tactics. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, January, 17-19.

Protection Motivation and Self-Efficacy: A revised Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change

Articles
Maddux, J., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change.. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 5, 469-479.
Investigated the effects of fear appeals on persuasion in a factorial experiment that was designed to test a combined model of protection motivation theory and self-efficacy the…

Effects of Fear Appeals and Physiological Arousal upon Emotions, Attitudes, and Cigarette Smoking.

Articles
Rogers, R. W., & Deckner, C. W. (1975). Effects of fear appeals and physiological arousal upon emotions, attitudes, and cigarette smoking.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 2, 222-230.
Conducted 2 experiments to conceptually replicate S. Schachter's (1964) theory of the determinants of emotion and to test the feasibility of extending the theory to attitudes an…

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