The Link between Recycling and Litter: A Field Study

Articles
Reams, M. A., Geaghan, J. P., & Gendron, R. C. (1996). The link between recycling and litter: A field study. Environment and Behavior, 28, 1, 92-110.
Determine whether residential recycling programs introduced an additional benefit (reduced litter) and evaluated the proposition that such programs should impart to participants a…

Reactance and Norm Appeal in Anti-Littering Messages

Articles
Reich, J. W., & Robertson, J. L. (1979). Reactance and norm appeal in anti-littering messages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 1, 91-101.
Conducted 3 experiments with a total of 390 children (over age 10 yrs) patronizing public swimming pool concessions to test a model of how anti-littering messages vary in the kind…

Psychology's Role in the Conserving Society

Articles
Oskamp, S. (1983). Psychology's role in the conserving society. Population and Environment Behavioral and Social Issues, 6, 4, 255-293.
Reviews the literature on areas of progress in the environmental problems that affect people's lives and behaviors. It is suggested that psychologists and other social scientists …

Litter Reduction: A Review and Integration of the Literature. Special Issue: Litter Control and Recycling

Articles
Huffman, K. T., Grossnickle, W. F., Cope, J. G., & Huffman, K. P. (1995). Litter reduction: A review and integration of the literature. Special Issue: Litter control and recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 2, 153-183.
Examined 40 articles and 59 studies that employed either an antecedent strategy (ATS) or consequence strategy (CQS) to integrate behavioral and social changes in communities and i…

Waste Receptacle Designs as Interventions for Litter Control

Articles
Geller, E. S., Brasted, W. S. & Mann, M. F. (1979). Waste receptacle designs as interventions for litter control. Journal of Environmental Systems, 9, 2, 145-160.
Two experiments in an indoor shopping mall examined relationships between trash-receptacle design and litter-disposal behaviors. For the first study, the trash deposited in six t…

Field Experiments in Litter Control

Articles
Finnie, W. C. (1973). Field experiments in litter control. Environment and Behavior, 5, 2, 123-144.
Conducted field experiments in 3 cities to measure the effects of litter cans on the rate of littering. The measure of litter, a litter count, was based on size and type of litt…

A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: Recycling the Concept of Norms to Reduce Littering in Public Places

Articles
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 6, 1015-1026.
Past research has generated mixed support among social scientists for the utility of social norms in accounting for human behavior. We argue that norms do have a substantial impac…

An Evaluation of Three Litter Control Procedures - Trash Receptacles, Paid Workers, and the Marked Item Technique

Articles
Bacon-Prue, A., Blount, R., Pickering, D., & Drabman, R. S. (1980). An evaluation of three litter control procedures - trash receptacles, paid workers, and the marked item technique. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 1, 165-170.
Assessed the effectiveness of 3 litter (L) control procedures on the grounds of a residential facility for the mentally retarded. 57 areas were divided into 5 groups according to …

Choosing to Encourage or Discourage: Perceived Effectiveness of Prescriptive versus Proscriptive Messages

Articles
Winter, P.L., Sagarin, B.J., Rhoads, K., Barrett, D.W., Cialdini, R.B. (2000). Choosing to encourage or discourage: Perceived effectiveness of prescriptive and proscriptive messages. Environmental Management, 2(6): 588-594.
The estimated cost of repairing damage caused to recreational sites annually is in the hundreds of millions of dollars. These depreciative activities also reduce the quality of vi…

The Bystander Effect and Social Control Behavior: The Effect of the Presence of Others on Peoples Reactions to Norm Violations

Articles
Chekroun, P., & Brauer, M. (2002). The bystander effect and social control behavior: The effect of the presence of others on people's reactions to norm violations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(6), 853-866. doi:10.1002/ejsp.126.
Three field studies were conducted to explore the influence of the number of bystander-observers on the likelihood of social control. We predicted that the presence of others woul…

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