Social Norms in Outdoor Recreation: Searching for the Behavior-Condition Link

Articles
Heywood, J., & Murdock, W. (2002). Social norms in outdoor recreation: Searching for the behavior-condition link. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 283-295. doi:10.1080/01490400290050745.
Social norms for encounters and setting conditions have been an important area of outdoor recreation research for the past 30 yrs. An important research assumption, based on J. Ja…

The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation

Articles
Heywood, J. (2002). The cognitive and emotional components of behavior norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 271-281. doi:10.1080/01490400290050727.
Behavioral norms consist of 2 components: a cognitive component of obligation that is the memory repository of social standards, and an emotional component of sanctions that are t…

Altruistic, Egoistic, and Normative Effects on Curbside Recycling

Articles
Ewing, G. (2001). Altruistic, egoistic, and normative effects on curbside recycling. Environment and Behavior, 33(6), 733-764. doi:10.1177/00139160121973223.
Notes that how altruistic, normative, and egoistic factors affect households' participation in curbside recycling has been shown to depend on how participation is measured. A stud…

Persuasive Trash Cans: Activation of Littering Norms by Design

Articles
de Kort, Y., McCalley, L., & Midden, C. (2008). Persuasive trash cans: Activation of littering norms by design. Environment and Behavior, 40(6), 870-891. doi:10.1177/0013916507311035.
Two studies tested littering norm activation by trash can design. The first was a scenario study using a 4 (norm type: social injunctive vs. social descriptive vs. personal vs. co…

Pollution Reduction Preferences of U.S. Environmental Managers: Applying Ajzens Theory of Planned Behavior

Articles
Cordano, M., & Frieze, I. (2000). Pollution reduction preferences of U.S. environmental managers: Applying Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 627-641. doi:10.2307/1556358.
Modified I. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior to analyze the behavioral preferences of 295 environmental managers. Ss were surveyed and structural equation analysis was used to l…

Internal and External Barriers to Eco-conscious Apparel Acquisition

Articles
Connell, K. (2010). Internal and external barriers to eco-conscious apparel acquisition. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 34(3), 279-286. doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00865.x.
Apparel consumption is a contributing cause of environmental change, and environmental integrity requires the encouragement of eco-conscious apparel acquisition. Unfortunately, am…

Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment

Articles
Cialdini, R. (2003). Crafting normative messages to protect the environment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(4), 105-109. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01242.
It is widely recognized that communications that activate social norms can be effective in producing societally beneficial conduct. Not so well recognized are the circumstances un…

The Bystander Effect and Social Control Behavior: The Effect of the Presence of Others on Peoples Reactions to Norm Violations

Articles
Chekroun, P., & Brauer, M. (2002). The bystander effect and social control behavior: The effect of the presence of others on people's reactions to norm violations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(6), 853-866. doi:10.1002/ejsp.126.
Three field studies were conducted to explore the influence of the number of bystander-observers on the likelihood of social control. We predicted that the presence of others woul…

Comparing Normative Influences as Determinants of Environmentally Conscious Behaviours Between the USA and Japan

Articles
Ando, K., Ohnuma, S., & Chang, E. (2007). Comparing normative influences as determinants of environmentally conscious behaviours between the USA and Japan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10(3), 171-178. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2007.00223.x.
The present study explored the influences of subjective and descriptive norms on environmentally conscious behaviours between the USA and Japan. It was predicted that subjective n…

Changing Behavior with Normative Feedback Interventions: A Field Experiment on Curbside Recycling

Articles
Schultz, P. W. (1999). Changing behavior with normative feedback interventions: A field experiment on curbside recycling. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1, 25-36.
Examined the effects of normative feedback on community curbside recycling, and predicted that activation of personal and social norms would lead to an increase in household recyc…

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