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Protection Motivation and Self-Efficacy: A revised Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change

Articles
Maddux, J., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change.. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 5, 469-479.
Investigated the effects of fear appeals on persuasion in a factorial experiment that was designed to test a combined model of protection motivation theory and self-efficacy the…

A Revised Scale for the Measurement of Ecological Attitudes and Knowledge

Articles
Maloney, M. P., Ward, M. P., & Braucht, G. N. (1975). A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 7, 787-790.
Investigated the effects of fear appeals on persuasion in a factorial experiment that was designed to test a combined model of protection motivation theory and self-efficacy the…

Reactance and Norm Appeal in Anti-Littering Messages

Articles
Reich, J. W., & Robertson, J. L. (1979). Reactance and norm appeal in anti-littering messages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 1, 91-101.
Conducted 3 experiments with a total of 390 children (over age 10 yrs) patronizing public swimming pool concessions to test a model of how anti-littering messages vary in the kind…

Effects of Fear Appeals and Physiological Arousal upon Emotions, Attitudes, and Cigarette Smoking.

Articles
Rogers, R. W., & Deckner, C. W. (1975). Effects of fear appeals and physiological arousal upon emotions, attitudes, and cigarette smoking.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 2, 222-230.
Conducted 2 experiments to conceptually replicate S. Schachter's (1964) theory of the determinants of emotion and to test the feasibility of extending the theory to attitudes an…

Energy Conservation Behavior: The Difficult Path from Information to Action

Articles
Costanzo, M., Archer, D., Aronson, E., & Pettigrew, T. (1986). Energy conservation behavior: The difficult path from information to action. American Psychologist, 41, 5, 521-528.
Presents a social-psychological model of energy-use behavior that draws on behavioral and social research to explain influence processes and behavioral change related to energy co…

Fear-Arousing and Empathy-Arousing Appeals to Help: The Pathos of Persuasion

Articles
Shelton, M. L., & Rogers, R. W. (1981). Fear-arousing and empathy-arousing appeals to help: The pathos of persuasion.. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11, 4, 366-378.
Tested the proposition that the components of a fear appeal, which persuade people to protect themselves, are the same components that persuade them to protect others. Films showi…

Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability

Articles
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability.. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 2, 207-232.
Conducted a series of experiments with 877 Ss to explore a judgmental heuristic in which S evaluates the frequency of classes or the probability of events by availability (i.e.,…

Fear Arousing Persuasive Messages: Communication Yearbook 8

Articles
Boster, F. J. & Mongeau, P. Fear arousing persuasive messages. Communication Yearbook 8. Ed. R. N. Bostrom. Beverly Hills, Cal: Sage, 1984. 330-375.

Cognitive and Physiological Processes of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation

Articles
Rogers, R. W. Cognitive and physiological processes of fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation.. Social Psychophysiology. Ed. J. Caciopppo & R. Petty. New York: Gilford Press, 1983.

Fear Arousal, Efficacy, and Imminency

Articles
Chu, G. C. (1966). Fear arousal, efficacy, and imminency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 5, 517-524.
A general formulation on the effects of fear-arousing appeals was proposed and tested, the variables being magnitude of loss, likelihood of loss, efficacy of solution, and imminen…

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