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Social Norms in Outdoor Recreation: Searching for the Behavior-Condition Link

Articles
Heywood, J., & Murdock, W. (2002). Social norms in outdoor recreation: Searching for the behavior-condition link. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 283-295. doi:10.1080/01490400290050745.
Social norms for encounters and setting conditions have been an important area of outdoor recreation research for the past 30 yrs. An important research assumption, based on J. Ja…

The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation

Articles
Heywood, J. (2002). The cognitive and emotional components of behavior norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 271-281. doi:10.1080/01490400290050727.
Behavioral norms consist of 2 components: a cognitive component of obligation that is the memory repository of social standards, and an emotional component of sanctions that are t…

Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting the Use of Public Transportation

Articles
Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public transportation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 2154-2185. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02068.x.
An expanded version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to predict and explain public transportation use. A pre-post design was used to examine changes in 175 univers…

Car Use of Young Adults: The Role of Travel Socialization

Articles
Haustein, S., Klöckner, C., & Blöbaum, A. (2009). Car use of young adults: The role of travel socialization. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12(2), 168-178. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2008.10.003.
This study evaluates how different aspects of travel socialization during childhood and adolescence contribute to the explanation of travel mode choice in young adulthood. In an o…

Explaining Proenvironmental Intention and Behavior by Personal Norms and the Theory of Planned Behavior

Articles
Harland, P., Staats, H. & Wilke-Henk, A. M. (1999). Explaining proenvironmental intention and behavior by personal norms and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 12, 2505-2528.
The value of personal norms (S. H. Schwartz, 1977) for proenvironmental behavior has been demonstrated in previous studies (J. Vining and A. Ebreo, 1992), but not in addition to t…

Situational and Personality Factors as Direct or Personal Norm Mediated Predictors of Pro-Environmental Behavior

Articles
Harland, P., Staats, H., & Wilke, H. (2007). Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behavior: Questions derived from norm-activation theory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 323-334.
Studies that use the norm activation theory (Schwartz, 1977) to explain pro-environmental behavior often focus on personal norms and on two situational activators, i.e., awareness…

Response Format Effects in Questions about Norms: Implications for the Reliability and Validity of the Normative Approach

Articles
Hall, T., & Roggenbuck, J. (2002). Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 325-337. doi:10.1080/01490400290050772.
Several studies have demonstrated that altering the format (question wording or presentation format) can alter responses obtained from normative questions. This study extends that…

The Importance of Beliefs and Purchase Criteria in the Choice of Eco-labeled Food Products

Articles
Grankvist, G., & Biel, A. (2001). The importance of beliefs and purchase criteria in the choice of eco-labeled food products. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(4), 405-410. doi:10.1006/jevp.2001.0234.
Examined importance attached to purchase criteria, beliefs about the characteristics of eco-labeled alternatives of food products, and prescriptive norm strength as potential pred…

Invoking Social Norms: A Social Psychology Perspective on Improving Hotels Linen-reuse Programs

Articles
Goldstein, N., Griskevicius, V., & Cialdini, R. (2007). Invoking social norms: A social psychology perspective on improving hotels' linen-reuse programs. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 48(2), 145-150. doi:10.1177/0010880407299542.
Social psychology theory can be applied to such mundane purposes as encouraging guests to reuse their washroom towels. In contrast to the appeals now in use to persuade guests to …

A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels

Articles
Goldstein, N., Cialdini, R., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 472-482. doi:10.1086/586910.
Two field experiments examined the effectiveness of signs requesting hotel guests' participation in an environmental conservation program. Appeals employing descriptive norms (e.g…

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