Application and Evaluation of Strategies to Reduce Pollution: Behavioral Control of Littering in a Football Stadium

Articles
Baltes, M. M. & Hayward, S. C. (1976). Application and evaluation of strategies to reduce pollution: Behavioral control of littering in a football stadium. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 4, 501-506.
Attempted to modify adult littering behavior in a naturalistic setting: the football stadium. Four different treatment strategies were used: (a) an operant contingency in the form…

Prompting a Consumer Behavior for Pollution Control

Articles
Geller, E. S., Farris, J. C. & Post, D. S. (1973). Prompting a consumer behavior for pollution control. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 3, 367-376.
Studied the relative effectiveness of different prompting procedures for increasing the probability that customers entering a grocery store would select their soft drinks in retur…

Reinforcement and Rate of Litter Depositing

Articles
Kohlenberg, R. & Phillips, T. (1973). Reinforcement and rate of litter depositing. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 3, 391-396.
Investigated the effects of reinforcement on the frequency of litter deposits in a single experimental trash receptacle in a high-use, urban zoo. 4 2-wk periods of alternating con…

Prompts and Posted Feedback: In Search of an Effective Method of Litter Control

Articles
Dixon, R. S., Knott, T., Rowsell, H. & Sheldon, L. (1992). Prompts and posted feedback: In search of an effective method of litter control. Behaviour Change, 9, 1, 2-7.
Compared the effectiveness of prompts (PRs [signs]) and posted feedback (PFB) as litter control strategies in 2 university cafeterias. Patronage and litter rates were monitored da…

The Evaluation of Litter Behavior Modification in a River Environment

Articles
Wagstaff, M. C. & Wilson, B. E. (1988). The evaluation of litter behavior modification in a river environment. Journal of Environmental Education, 20, 1, 39-44.
Evaluated the use of behavioral techniques in modifying the litter collection behavior of commercial rafting groups. 87 treatment Ss and 76 control Ss participated. A verbal appea…

Litter in a University Cafeteria: Demographic Data and the Use of Prompts as an Intervention Strategy

Articles
Durdan, C. A., Reeder, G. D. & Hecht, P. R. (1985). Litter in a university cafeteria: Demographic data and the use of prompts as an intervention strategy. Environment and Behavior, 17, 3, 387-404.
Investigated the effectiveness of posted feedback as a litter control strategy in a university cafeteria in the absence of written prompts. Patronage and litter rates were monitor…

Prompting Anti-Litter Behaviors

Articles
Geller, E. S. (1973). Prompting anti-litter behaviors. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 907-908.
Gave a handbill to Ss entering a grocery store and 2 movie theaters. The handbills either did or did not contain a general or specific antilitter statement. Paper cups of lemonade…

Increasing Desired Waste Disposals with Instructions

Articles
Geller, E. S. (1975). Increasing desired waste disposals with instructions. Man Environment Systems, 5, 2, 125-128.
In 2 experiments, handbills were distributed to individuals entering a movie theater and grocery store, respectively. 20% more handbills were deposited in the trash cans and ash t…

Littering as a Function of Prior Litter and the Presence or Absence of Prohibitive Signs

Articles
Reiter, S. M. & Samuel, W. (1980). Littering as a function of prior litter and the presence or absence of prohibitive signs . Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 1, 45-55.
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect on littering behavior of (1) two ways of antilitter signs and (2) the condition of the environment (littered vs. unlit…

Clinical Validation and Cognitive Elaboration: Signs That Encourage Sustained Recycling

Articles
Werner, Carol M.; Stoll, Robert; Birch, Paul; White, Paul H. (2002). Clinical Validation and Cognitive Elaboration: Signs That Encourage Sustained Recycling. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 3, 185 – 203.
Three field experiments coupled the clinical psychology concept of validation with Elaboration Likelihood Model-Heuristic-Systematic Model theorizing to increase the influence of …

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