The A, B, C of Litter Control

Articles
Keenan, M. (1996). The A, B, C of litter control. Irish Journal of Psychology, 17, 4, 327-339.
Examines general issues regarding the nature of behavioral psychology, and concepts of applied behavioral analysis. It is argued that behavior analysis can play a pivotal role in …

Littering Behavior in Public Places

Articles
Robinson, S. N. (1976). Littering behavior in public places. Environment and Behavior, 8, 3, 363-384.
Reviews and summarizes the present state of knowledge concerning littering behavior by categorizing available studies according to 4 major variables that influence littering--demo…

Littering: A New Unobtrusive Measure of Attitude

Articles
Cialdini, R. B. & Baumann, D. J. (1981). Littering: A new unobtrusive measure of attitude. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 3, 254-259.
In Exp I, 227 voters' choices of presidential candidate were assessed, and their decisions to litter a parking lot with a campaign flier placed on their car windshield were observ…

Internal External Locus of Control as a Moderator of Fear Appeals

Articles
Burnett, J. J. (1981). Internal external locus of control as a moderator of fear appeals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 3, 390-393.
161 midwestern US residents responded to a questionnaire that contained Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, 1 of 4 fear messages, and scales measuring attitudes and…

Coping with the Energy Crisis: Effects of Fear Appeals upon Attitudes toward Energy Consumption

Articles
Hass, J. W., Bagley, G. S. & Rogers, R. W. (1975). Coping with the energy crisis: Effects of fear appeals upon attitudes toward energy consumption. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 6, 754-756.
One neglected strategy for coping with an impending energy crisis has been experimental investigations of methods to persuade consumers to use less energy. A 2 * 2 factorial exper…

The Role of Vivid Information in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change

Articles
Sherer, M. & Rogers, R. W. (1984). The role of vivid information in fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Research in Personality, 18, 3, 321-334.
Investigated the persuasive impact of 3 types of vivid information frequently used in fear appeals (emotional interest, concreteness, and proximity), using 80 undergraduates who d…

Shock Tactics and the Myth of the Inverted U

Articles
Sutton, S. (1992). Shock tactics and the myth of the inverted U. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 4, 517-519.
Discusses the use of "fear appeals" or fear-arousing communications as agents of mass change in attitudes and behavior. Studies using videotapes about smoking and seat belt use ha…

Fear Appeals and the Formation of Active Publics

Articles
Roser, C. & Thompson, M. (1995). Fear appeals and the formation of active publics. Journal of Communication, 45, 1, 103-121.
Examined the process through which a fear appeal may transform low-involvement audiences into active publics. Cognitive and emotional responses of 102 uninvolved undergraduate vie…

Middle-Income African-Americans and Household Hazardous Waste Management: Designing Messages for Adult Environmental Education

Articles
Harper, K. M. (1999). Middle-income African-Americans and household hazardous waste management: Designing messages for adult environmental education. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering., 59, 7-B,
The purpose of this study was to (1) explore the awareness and behavior of middle-income African American parents regarding the identification, storage, and disposal of household …

Increasing the Persuasiveness of Fear Appeals: The Effect of Arousal and Elaboration

Articles
Keller, P. A. & Block, L. G. (1995). Increasing the persuasiveness of fear appeals: The effect of arousal and elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 4, 448-459.
Investigates conditions under which messages that prompt low and high levels of fear are likely to be effective. A low level of fear should be ineffective, due to insufficient ela…

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