Ecological Awareness, Environmentalist Action, and International Conservation Strategy

Articles
Kottak, C. P. & Costa, A. C. (1993). Ecological awareness, environmentalist action, and international conservation strategy. Human Organization, 52, 4, 335-343.
Describes ongoing research on environmental risk perception and action in Brazil and Madagascar. Researchers have been investigating the relationship between the perception of env…

Attitude Change and Information Integration in Fear Appeals

Articles
Rogers, R. W. (1985). Attitude change and information integration in fear appeals. Psychological Reports, 56, 1, 179-182.
Investigated the combinatorial rule individuals use to integrate information about the components of a fear appeal. 89 undergraduates were presented with information about a hypot…

Putting the Fear Back into Fear Appeals: The Extended Parallel Process Model

Articles
Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 4, 329-349.
Based on H. Leventhal's (1970) danger control/fear control framework, a fear appeal theory is proposed, called the extended parallel process model (EPPM). The purpose of the EPPM …

Fear Appeals and the Formation of Active Publics

Articles
Roser, C. & Thompson, M. (1995). Fear appeals and the formation of active publics. Journal of Communication, 45, 1, 103-121.
Examined the process through which a fear appeal may transform low-involvement audiences into active publics. Cognitive and emotional responses of 102 uninvolved undergraduate vie…

Shock Tactics and the Myth of the Inverted U

Articles
Sutton, S. (1992). Shock tactics and the myth of the inverted U. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 4, 517-519.
Discusses the use of "fear appeals" or fear-arousing communications as agents of mass change in attitudes and behavior. Studies using videotapes about smoking and seat belt use ha…

The Role of Vivid Information in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change

Articles
Sherer, M. & Rogers, R. W. (1984). The role of vivid information in fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Research in Personality, 18, 3, 321-334.
Investigated the persuasive impact of 3 types of vivid information frequently used in fear appeals (emotional interest, concreteness, and proximity), using 80 undergraduates who d…

Coping with the Energy Crisis: Effects of Fear Appeals upon Attitudes toward Energy Consumption

Articles
Hass, J. W., Bagley, G. S. & Rogers, R. W. (1975). Coping with the energy crisis: Effects of fear appeals upon attitudes toward energy consumption. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 6, 754-756.
One neglected strategy for coping with an impending energy crisis has been experimental investigations of methods to persuade consumers to use less energy. A 2 * 2 factorial exper…

Increasing the Persuasiveness of Fear Appeals: The Effect of Arousal and Elaboration

Articles
Keller, P. A. & Block, L. G. (1995). Increasing the persuasiveness of fear appeals: The effect of arousal and elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 4, 448-459.
Investigates conditions under which messages that prompt low and high levels of fear are likely to be effective. A low level of fear should be ineffective, due to insufficient ela…

Internal External Locus of Control as a Moderator of Fear Appeals

Articles
Burnett, J. J. (1981). Internal external locus of control as a moderator of fear appeals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 3, 390-393.
161 midwestern US residents responded to a questionnaire that contained Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, 1 of 4 fear messages, and scales measuring attitudes and…

Littering as a Function of Prior Litter and the Presence or Absence of Prohibitive Signs

Articles
Reiter, S. M. & Samuel, W. (1980). Littering as a function of prior litter and the presence or absence of prohibitive signs . Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 1, 45-55.
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect on littering behavior of (1) two ways of antilitter signs and (2) the condition of the environment (littered vs. unlit…

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