Collective Benefits, Exchange Interests, and Norm Enforcement

Articles
Horne, C. (2004). Collective Benefits, Exchange Interests, and Norm Enforcement. Social Forces, 82(3), 1037-1062. doi:10.1353/sof.2004.0041.
Under what conditions are norms likely to be enforced? What processes lead to the punishment of deviant behavior? While social relations are thought to be a key part of the answer…

Explaining Norm Enforcement

Articles
Horne, C. (2007). Explaining norm enforcement. Rationality and Society, 19(2), 139-170. doi:10.1177/1043463107077386.
This article presents a theory of norm enforcement. Dominant accounts explain norms by referring to their consequences. On this view, norms are enforced when doing so increases th…

Social Identity, Self-Categorization, and the Communication of Group Norms

Articles
Hogg, M., & Reid, S. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16(1), 7-30. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x.
We articulate the role of norms within the social identity perspective as a basis for theorizing a number of manifestly communicative phenomena. We describe how group norms are co…

Social Norms in Outdoor Recreation: Searching for the Behavior-Condition Link

Articles
Heywood, J., & Murdock, W. (2002). Social norms in outdoor recreation: Searching for the behavior-condition link. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 283-295. doi:10.1080/01490400290050745.
Social norms for encounters and setting conditions have been an important area of outdoor recreation research for the past 30 yrs. An important research assumption, based on J. Ja…

The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation

Articles
Heywood, J. (2002). The cognitive and emotional components of behavior norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 271-281. doi:10.1080/01490400290050727.
Behavioral norms consist of 2 components: a cognitive component of obligation that is the memory repository of social standards, and an emotional component of sanctions that are t…

Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting the Use of Public Transportation

Articles
Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public transportation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 2154-2185. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02068.x.
An expanded version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to predict and explain public transportation use. A pre-post design was used to examine changes in 175 univers…

Car Use of Young Adults: The Role of Travel Socialization

Articles
Haustein, S., Klöckner, C., & Blöbaum, A. (2009). Car use of young adults: The role of travel socialization. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12(2), 168-178. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2008.10.003.
This study evaluates how different aspects of travel socialization during childhood and adolescence contribute to the explanation of travel mode choice in young adulthood. In an o…

Explaining Proenvironmental Intention and Behavior by Personal Norms and the Theory of Planned Behavior

Articles
Harland, P., Staats, H. & Wilke-Henk, A. M. (1999). Explaining proenvironmental intention and behavior by personal norms and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 12, 2505-2528.
The value of personal norms (S. H. Schwartz, 1977) for proenvironmental behavior has been demonstrated in previous studies (J. Vining and A. Ebreo, 1992), but not in addition to t…

Situational and Personality Factors as Direct or Personal Norm Mediated Predictors of Pro-Environmental Behavior

Articles
Harland, P., Staats, H., & Wilke, H. (2007). Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behavior: Questions derived from norm-activation theory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 323-334.
Studies that use the norm activation theory (Schwartz, 1977) to explain pro-environmental behavior often focus on personal norms and on two situational activators, i.e., awareness…

Response Format Effects in Questions about Norms: Implications for the Reliability and Validity of the Normative Approach

Articles
Hall, T., & Roggenbuck, J. (2002). Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach. Leisure Sciences, 24(3-4), 325-337. doi:10.1080/01490400290050772.
Several studies have demonstrated that altering the format (question wording or presentation format) can alter responses obtained from normative questions. This study extends that…

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