Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability

Articles
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability.. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 2, 207-232.
Conducted a series of experiments with 877 Ss to explore a judgmental heuristic in which S evaluates the frequency of classes or the probability of events by availability (i.e.,…

Putting the Fear Back into Fear Appeals: The Extended Parallel Process Model

Articles
Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 4, 329-349.
Based on H. Leventhal's (1970) danger control/fear control framework, a fear appeal theory is proposed, called the extended parallel process model (EPPM). The purpose of the EPPM …

Attitude Change and Information Integration in Fear Appeals

Articles
Rogers, R. W. (1985). Attitude change and information integration in fear appeals. Psychological Reports, 56, 1, 179-182.
Investigated the combinatorial rule individuals use to integrate information about the components of a fear appeal. 89 undergraduates were presented with information about a hypot…

Increasing the Persuasiveness of Fear Appeals: The Effect of Arousal and Elaboration

Articles
Keller, P. A. & Block, L. G. (1995). Increasing the persuasiveness of fear appeals: The effect of arousal and elaboration. Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 4, 448-459.
Investigates conditions under which messages that prompt low and high levels of fear are likely to be effective. A low level of fear should be ineffective, due to insufficient ela…

Curriculum: The Voice of Nature

Articles
Cohen, M. J. (1983). Curriculum: The voice of nature. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 10, 3, 109-118.
Discusses a subconscious anti-nature mentality in Americans that divides the planet and people's wholeness, laying the foundation for the unwholesome environmental, spiritual, a…

Case Study of the Acid Rain Film Controversy: Political Propaganda or Environmental Education?

Articles
Hepburn, M. A. & Hepburn, L. R. Case study of the acid rain film controversy: Political propaganda or environmental education ?. Vol. 16. 1985. 1-6.
In 1982 the National Film Board of Canada released an educational film, Acid Rain: Requiem or Recovery? Early in 1983 the U.S. Department of Justice labeled the film as "politica…

A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change

Articles
Maddux, J., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change.. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 5, 469-479.
Proposes a protection motivation theory that postulates the 3 crucial components of a fear appeal to be (a) the magnitude of noxiousness of a depicted event, (b) the probability…

Normative, Gain and Hedonic Goal Frames Guiding Environmental Behavior

Articles
Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2007). Normative, Gain and Hedonic Goal Frames Guiding Environmental Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 63(1), 117-137. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00499.x.
This article discusses new developments about goal-dependent framing and multiple goal frames (sometimes also called "multiple motives"), which are highly relevant for understandi…

Fear Arousing Persuasive Messages: Communication Yearbook 8

Articles
Boster, F. J. & Mongeau, P. Fear arousing persuasive messages. Communication Yearbook 8. Ed. R. N. Bostrom. Beverly Hills, Cal: Sage, 1984. 330-375.

Internal External Locus of Control as a Moderator of Fear Appeals

Articles
Burnett, J. J. (1981). Internal external locus of control as a moderator of fear appeals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 3, 390-393.
161 midwestern US residents responded to a questionnaire that contained Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, 1 of 4 fear messages, and scales measuring attitudes and…

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