The Effects of an Ambiguous, Negative Sign Prompts and a Clearly-Stated Positive Sign Prompt on Intentions to Litter

Cases
Horsley, A. D. (1988). The unintended effects of a posted sign on littering attitudes and stated intentions. Journal of Environmental Education, 19, 3, 10-14.
A literature review revealed that sign prompts can be effective in reducing the amount of litter. In order to further investigate the effects of prompts, a questionnaire was given…

Waste Wise Program

Cases
Waste Wise is a free, voluntary program set up by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which attempts to eliminate costly municipal solid waste. Waste Wise targ…

Designing Effective Instructional Signs with Schema Theory: Case Studies of Polystyrene Recycling

Articles
Werner, C. M., Rhodes, M.U. & Partain, K. K. (1998). Designing effective instructional signs with schema theory: Case studies of polystyrene recycling. Environment and Behavior, 30, 5, 709-735.
Two studies supported the hypothesis that signs designed to create a new polystyrene schema would be more effective than signs that did not address patrons' existing schemata. Sch…

Recycling at Festivals and Public Events

Cases
The international environmental agency for local governments (ICLEI) have a mission to build and serve a worldwide movement of local governments to achieve tangible improvements i…

Toward More Effective Antecedent Strategies for Environmental Programs

Articles
Ester, P. & Winett, R. A. (1982). Toward more effective antecedent strategies for environmental programs. Journal of Environmental Systems, 11, 3, 201-221.
Antecedent strategies such as information and prompts when used to promote proenvironmental practices, i.e., energy and water conservation, recycling and litter control, use of ma…

Evaluating Participation in a Residential Recycling Program

Articles
Jacobs, H. E. & Bailey, J. S. (1982-83). Evaluating participation in a residential recycling program. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 2, 141-152.
The present study examined the effects of prompting, payment for material, a lottery, and frequency of collection on household participation in a residential recycling program. H…

Litter Reduction: A Review and Integration of the Literature. Special Issue: Litter Control and Recycling

Articles
Huffman, K. T., Grossnickle, W. F., Cope, J. G., & Huffman, K. P. (1995). Litter reduction: A review and integration of the literature. Special Issue: Litter control and recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27, 2, 153-183.
Examined 40 articles and 59 studies that employed either an antecedent strategy (ATS) or consequence strategy (CQS) to integrate behavioral and social changes in communities and i…

Reactance and Norm Appeal in Anti-Littering Messages

Articles
Reich, J. W., & Robertson, J. L. (1979). Reactance and norm appeal in anti-littering messages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 1, 91-101.
Conducted 3 experiments with a total of 390 children (over age 10 yrs) patronizing public swimming pool concessions to test a model of how anti-littering messages vary in the kind…

Increasing Recycling in Office Environments: The Effects of Specific, Informative Cues

Articles
Austin, J., Hatfield, D. B., Grindle, A. C., & Bailey, J. S. (1993). Increasing recycling in office environments: The effects of specific, informative cues. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 2, 247-253.
Investigated the effects of prompts on the recycling behavior of approximately 217 faculty, staff, and graduate students in 2 academic departments of a large university. During th…

Using Verbal and Visual Prompts to Control Littering in High Schools

Articles
Houghton, S. (1993). Using verbal and visual prompts to control littering in high schools. Educational Studies, 19, 3, 247-254.
Investigated the use of verbal and visual prompts to control litter behavior of students in 2 Western Australian high schools. 1,750 students participated in the study. Data were …

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