The Effects of an Ambiguous, Negative Sign Prompt and a Clearly-Stated Positive Sign Prompt on Intentions to Litter

Cases
Horsley, A. D. (1988). The unintended effects of a posted sign on littering attitudes and stated intentions. Journal of Environmental Education, 19, 3, 10-14.
A literature review revealed that sign prompts can be effective in reducing the amount of litter. In order to further investigate the effects of prompts, a questionnaire was given…

Using a Normative Appeal to Control Litter at a Public Swimming Pool

Cases
Reich, J. W., & Robertson, J. L. (1979). Reactance and norm appeal in anti-littering messages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 1, 91-101.
A literature review revealed that a statement that puts an extreme demand on a person is likely to elicit the undesirable behavior. On the other hand, a statement that creates a n…

Using Verbal and Visual Prompts to Reduce Litter in High Schools in Perth, Australia

Cases
Houghton, S. (1993). Using verbal and visual prompts to control littering in high schools. Educational Studies, 19, 3, 247-254.
A literature review revealed that prompts were an effective tool in controlling litter. Therefore, verbal and visual prompts were incorporated into a pilot program designed to cur…

Conserving Energy and Water at University of California at Santa Cruz with the Use of Norms and Prompts

Cases
Aronson, E. & O'Leary, M. (1982-83). The relative effectiveness of models and prompts on energy conservation: A field experiment in a shower room. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 3, 219-224.
After conducting a literature review, a norm appeal was incorporated into a pilot program designed to conserve water at the University of California at Santa Cruz. Although a sign…

Washington State Promotes the Purchase of Recycled Content Products With Prompts in the "Get in the Loop, Buy Recycled" Program

Cases
King County commission for Marketing Recyclable Materials & Atwood, A. M. (1994). Consumer research survey: Knowledge, attitudes, and purchase of recycled-content products. King County Commission for Marketing Recyclable Materials.
Washington State used market research to identify the primary barriers to buying recycled products. Although concerns about price and quality were not addressed during this campai…

Energy and Water Reduction: "Green" Hotels

Cases
Patricia Griffin created "Green" Hotels Association in 1993. The goal of this association is to reduce the amount of energy and water consumed by the lodging industry. GHA provide…

The Use of Prompts in Reducing Electricity Consumption in University Classrooms

Cases
Luyben, P. D. (1980). Effects of informational prompts on energy conservation in college classrooms. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 4, 611-617.
In order to reduce the occurrence of lights being left on in unused classrooms, a pilot program was initiated. Since a literature review revealed prompts to be effective in energy…

Encouraging People at Festivals to Reduce, Recycle, and Reuse Cups

Cases
The Milwaukee Irish Fest, the Be Smart Coalition, and Keep Greater, Milwaukee Beautiful, Inc., co-operated to pilot a project promoting waste reduction at a Milwaukee Irish Fest. …

The Use of Prompts in Increasing Recycling in Academic University Departments

Cases
Austin, J., Hatfield, D. B., Grindle, A. C., & Bailey, J. S. (1993). Increasing recycling in office environments: The effects of specific, informative cues. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 2, 247-253.
In order to increase participation in a university recycling program, a literature review was conducted to uncover effective behavior change tools. Then, prompts were incorporated…

Using a Colourful, Specially Designed Waste Receptacle to Reduce Litter in Downtown St. Louis, Missouri

Cases
Finnie, W. C. (1973). Field experiments in litter control. Environment and Behavior, 5, 2, 123-144.
First, a literature review was conducted to uncover possible tools for reducing the amount of litter in a city environment. Then, a specially designed waste receptacle with a prom…

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